WHAT IS NETWORK ADDRESS OR IP ADDRESS?

NETWORK ADDRESS

• It is most commonly known as IP Address or Internet Protocol
• It is the numeric address of a computer connected to the network. 
• It is also known as Dotted Decimal Notation. It is a set of number called "octets".
  
  
  
  

Ex. Common IP Address

1. 172.16.254.1
2. 192.168.1.1 

Some examples of a typical home networks

• 192.168.1.1
• 192.168.2.1 

DIFFERENT IP VERSIONS

          a). IPv4 =IP version 4

                  is the fourth version of the Internet Protocol (IP). It is one of the core protocols of standards-based internetworking methods in the Internet, and was the first version deployed for production in the ARPANET in 1983. 

                                                                                       

          b). IPv6= IP version 6

               Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) is the most recent version of the Internet Protocol (IP), the  communication protocol that provides an identification and location system for computers on networks and routes traffic across the Internet 

HOW TO GET BINARY DIGIT/ HOW TO MAKE NETWORK ADDRESS?

*BINARY DIGIT HAS A TOTAL OF 255

CLASSES OF IP ADDRESS

1. Class A - 1 to 126
2. Class B - 128-191
3. Class C - 192- 223
4. Class D - 224- 239
5. Class E - 240-255

* 127- is a loop back function of a network.

* Class D - is a multicast.

* Class E- is reserved for future or experimental purposes.

HOW TO CREATE IP ADDRESS

1. right click network places
2. click properties
3. right click local area connection
4. click properties
5. click TCP/IP
6. click properties
7. click OK

HOW TO CONFIGURE IP ADDRESS

1. click start button
2. click run
3. type cmd
4. type ipconfig
5. type ping [IP address]

SOURCE:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv4

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv6

WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF CABLE?

WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF CABLE?

A. TWISTED PAIR
Twisted pair is the ordinary copper wire that connects home and many business computers to the telephone company. To reduce crosstalk or electromagnetic induction between pairs of wires, two insulated copper wires are twisted around each other. Each connection on twisted pair requires both wires.

2 types of twisted pair 

• STP (Shielded Twisted Pair)

Shielded twisted pair (STP) cable was originally designed by IBM for token ring networks that include two individual wires covered with a foil shielding, which prevents electromagnetic interference, thereby transporting data faster. 
STP is similar to unshielded twisted pair (UTP); however, it contains an extra foil wrapping or copper braid jacket to help shield the cable signals from interference. STP cables are costlier when compared to UTP, but has the advantage of being capable of supporting higher transmission rates across longer distances.

• UTP ( Unshielded Twisted Pair)

Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) cables are widely used in the computer and telecommunications industry as Ethernet cables and telephone wires. 
In an UTP cable, conductors which form a single circuit are twisted around each other in order to cancel out electromagnetic interference (EMI) from external sources. Unshielded means no additional shielding like meshes or aluminum foil, which add bulk, are used.UTP cables are often groups of twisted pairs grouped together with color coded insulators, the number of which depends on the purpose.

         

B. Coaxial Cable

• Coaxial cable,is a type of electrical cable that has an inner conductor surrounded by a tubular insulating layer, surrounded by a tubular conducting shield. Many coaxial cables also have an insulating outer sheath or jacket. The term coaxial comes from the inner conductor and the outer shield sharing a geometric axis.

                                             C. Fiber Optic Cable

An optical fiber cable, also known as a fiber optic cable, is an assembly similar to an electrical cable, but containing one or more optical fibers that are used to carry light. The optical fiber elements are typically individually coated with plastic layers and contained in a protective tube suitable for the environment where the cable will be deployed. Different types of cable are used for different applications, for example long distance telecommunication, or providing a high-speed data connection between different parts of a building.

DIFFERENCES OF THE CABLES 

TWISTED PAIR IS THE MOST COMMON OF THE CABLES, HAS 4 PAIRS OF WIRE OR 8 COPPER WIRES.

STP ( SHIELDED TWISTED PAIR)                            UTP( UNSHIELDED TWISTED PAIR) 

A METALLIC FOIL                                                                IS MOST COMMON FORM OF

 WRAPPED AROUND                                                         TWISTED PAIR AND

 EACH WIRE PAIRS.                                                           EASIER TO WORK WITH.

COAXIAL CABLE IT IS USED TO CABLE TV OPERATORS.

FIBER OPTIC CABLE HAS REFLECTIVE COATING THAT ALLOWS LIGHT BEAMS TO TRAVEL WITHOUT OUTER INTERFERENCE.

Source:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twisted_pair

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cable

What are the types of Computer Topology?

DIFFERENT TYPES OF COMPUTER TOPOLOGY:

• LINEAR BUS TOPOLOGY is a type of network topology in which each device is connected one after the other in a sequential chain. In this case, the bus is the network connection between the devices, and if any link in the network chain is severed, all network transmission is halted. It works well for small networks because it is simple to set up and utilizes shorter cables since each device is connected to the next. It is a poor solution for larger networks, however since the entire network relies on each connection, and network speed is reduced as more devices are added.

• STAR TOPOLOGY  is one of the most common network setups. In this configuration, everynode connects to a central network device, like a hub, switch, or computer. The central network device acts as a server and the peripheral devices act as clients. Depending on the type ofnetwork card used in each computer of the star topology, a coaxial cable or a RJ-45 network cable is used to connect computers together.

• RING TOPOLOGY is a network configuration in which device connections create a circular data path. Each networked device is connected to two others, like points on a circle.

In a ring network, packets of data travel from one device to the next until they reach their destination. Most ring topologies allow packets to travel only in one direction, called a unidirectional ring network. Others permit data to move in either direction, called bidirectional.

• MESH TOPOLOGY,  is a local network topology in which the infrastructure nodes connect directly, dynamically and non-hierarchically to as many other nodes as possible and cooperate with one another to efficiently route data from/to clients. This lack of dependency on one node allows for every node to participate in the relay of information. Mesh networks dynamically self-organize and self-configure, which can reduce installation overhead. The ability to self-configure enables dynamic distribution of workloads, particularly in the event that a few nodes should fail. This in turn contributes to fault-tolerance and reduced maintenance costs.

In a partially connected mesh topology, at least two of the computers in the network have connections to multiple other computers in that network. It is an inexpensive way to implement redundancy in a network. In the event that one of the primary computers or connections in the network fails, the rest of the network continues to operate normally.

In a full mesh topology, every computer in the network has a connection to each of the other computers in that network. The number of connections in this network can be calculated using the following formula (n is the number of computers in the network): n(n-1)/2

• HYBRID TOPOLOGY, is a combine of two or more topologies in such a way that the resulting network does not exhibit one of the standard topologies

Is a type of network topology that uses two or more differing network topologies. These topologies include a mix of bus topology,mesh topology, ring topology, star topology, and tree topology.


  SOURCE:
https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/h/hybrtopo.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_topology

What are the types of computer network?

DIFFERENT TYPES OF COMPUTER NETWORK:

A Personal Area Network (PAN) is a computer network for interconnecting devices centered on an individual person's workspace. A PAN provides data transmission amongst devices such as computers, smartphones, tablets and personal digital assistants. PAN's can be used for communication amongst the personal devices themselves, or for connecting to a higher level network and the Internet where one master device takes up the role as gateway. A PAN may be carried over wired computer buses. 

A Local Area Network (LAN) is a computer network that interconnects computers within a limited area such as a residence, school, laboratory, university campus or office building. By contrast, a wide area network (WAN) not only covers a larger geographic distance, but also generally involves leased telecommunication circuits.

A Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) is a computer network that interconnects users with computer resources in a geographic area or region larger than that covered by even a large local area network (LAN) but smaller than the area covered by a wide area network (WAN). The term MAN is applied to the interconnection of networks in a city into a single larger network which may then also offer efficient connection to a wide area network.It is also used to mean the interconnection of several local area networks in a metropolitan area through the use of point-to-point connections between them.

A Wide Area Network (WAN) is a telecommunications network or computer network that extends over a large geographical distance/place. Wide area networks are often established with leased telecommunication circuits.

Business, education and government entities use wide area networks to relay data to staff, students, clients, buyers, and suppliers from various locations across the world. In essence, this mode of telecommunication allows a business to effectively carry out its daily function regardless of location. The Internet may be considered a WAN.

SOURCE:

https://www.webopedia.com/TERM/L/local_area_network_LAN.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_area_network
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_area_network

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_area_network

How to be a responsible netizen?

                  How can you say that you're a responsible netizen? What do you need to become one? Being a citizen to internet doesn't mean that you're not stopping using it, it means that you're just using it always. You can be a responsible netizen by: First, just use the internet if you really need it like doing assignments, projects, work or research. You can also use it when you have free time in school or in work.

                 Second, don't forget your manners when you're using the internet. It is important to be with you you're manners when you are using it because many people forget their manners when they are using the internet.  "You are what you tweet."

                  Being a responsible netizen means that it's not about Internet, the social media's it also means that you should care about your health. When you're using the Internet always, you are abusing your eyes, your eyes can get rid of them, You'll going to have a poor eyes.

                 
People nowadays, specially millenials they always want to be updated in anything and because of that they did not care about their eyes. You can be called a responsible netizen if you know how manage your time to: School projects, Internet/ Social media and sleep.